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Spirit spouse
The spirit spouse is one of the most widespread elements of shamanism, distributed through all continents and at all cultural levels. Often, these spirit husbands/wives are seen as the primary helping spirits of the shaman, who assist them in their work, and help them gain power in the world of spirit. The relationships shamans have with their spirit spouses may be expressed in romantic, sexual, or purely symbolic ways, and may include gender transformation as a part of correctly pairing with their "spouse". Shamans report engaging with their spirit spouses through dreams, trance, and other ritual elements.〔Orlando O. Espín & James B. Nickoloff: ''An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies''. Liturgical Press, 2007. p. 1315b〕 In some cultures, gaining a spirit spouse is a necessary and expected part of initiation into becoming a shaman. Evidence of spirit spouses may be seen in non-shamanic cultures as well, including dreams about Christ by nuns,〔instance (Russian Orthodox) – Steven Fanning: ''Mystics of the Christian Tradition''. Routledge, 2001. p. 71〕〔instance (Catholic) – ("nuns of Barrios Altos" )〕 who are considered to be "brides of Christ".〔(instances – Patrician Crawford: "Women's Dreams in early modern England", p. 100. In:- Daniel Pick & Lyndal Roper (eds.): ''Dreams and History''. Psychology Press, 2004. pp. 91-104 )〕
==Particular instances==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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